Website owner: James Miller
Most decisions in the political realm involve choosing from a number of possible options or actions. Typically each option has its advantages and disadvantages, good points and bad points, as well as dangers, risks and potentials for injustice, trouble and harm. There is usually not a clean cut right way and wrong way to proceed. Since "no action" is usually one of the alternative options from which one must choose, one in effect takes an action no matter what one does. All one can do is to use his best judgment and pick the option that seems to him to be the most advisable and best. Often the criterion in choosing is "that option which is the best for the most people" or "that option that involves the least harm" or "that option that involves the least potential for harm or injustice". Usually there are many factors to consider. There are various likelihoods associated with the different dangers and risks inherent in the different routes. As a rule there are a number of uncertainties involved due to ignorance of one kind or another, man's inability to see into the future, etc.. The problem faced by the person who has to make the decision is a long ways from the types of problems one faces in mathematics or the exact sciences. There is a lot that is nebulous and unclear and unknown, a lot that could never be measured or expressed with numbers. One is forced to fall back on simple subjective judgments, subjective estimates of risks and dangers, etc.. The decision is often not easy and there may be no nice option or good option. You may have to simply pick the option that seems least bad. For example, take the question of how to handle poverty cases in the United States. Do you just hand out free food to anyone who says he is hungry? Do you give free housing to just anyone who claims he is in need of it? How do you decide who really needs help? Do you just trust people and take their word for it when they say they need help? In looking at problems like these different people often come to very different conclusions as to which option is the best one. The reasons for this are many --- different values, attitudes, assessments of likelihoods for different dangers, etc. --- but one very noteworthy reason is the different way different people appraise human nature. Some people are optimists about human nature. Others are pessimists. Some people think that man is basically good and you can trust him. They think that if a man says he is hungry and doesn't have a place to live you should just give him food and a house to live in (these people are the political liberals). Others feel that man cannot be trusted. They feel that if a man says he is hungry and doesn't have a place to live you can't just take his word for it. He may just be trying to avoid working for a living. So they feel that you must design laws and rules in such a way that you allow for the deceptive and tricky nature of the heart of man (these are the political conservatives). They feel that it is just human nature that most people will "rip the government off" if it provides them the opportunity. Apr 1984
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